The origins and growth of Presbyterian ordinances of worship among English speaking European South Africans prior to the formation of the Presbyterian Church of South Africa in 1897

When the Presbyterian Church of South Africa was formed in 1897, the area covered by the new Church was all Africa South of the Zambesi Paver, At the time of the Union of the Churches, this vast area was divided into the following Presbyteries, viz* Transvaal, Natal, £ape, Free Church Presbytery of Kaffraria, Free Church Presbytery of Tanskei, United Presbyterian Presbytery of Kaffraria, United Presbyterian^ Presbytery of Adelaide. By the year 1897 there had grown up within these Presbyteries 56 English Speaking European Congregations (all 56 did not survive until 1897) and it has been the aim of this Thesis to show how these Presbyteries and Congregations originated and grew from 1806 to 1897.THE CANE PRESBYTERY. Presbyterian Ordinances of Worship among English speaking persons in South Africa owe their origin to The Calvinist Society formed in 1806 among the soldiers of the 93rd Regiment. Prom this Society there was formed in 1815 the first Presbyterian Congregation in Cape Town. This Church became Congregationalist in 1819 but the Presbyterians began again in 1824, and, by 1829 they had built St. Andrews Church, Cape Town, and called a new minister. As a result of the work of this Congregation, four Churches and two Preaching tationo were established by 1897. In addition, the Free Church of Scotland had established three Churches within the Cape' Presbytery area in 1846, 1859 and 1861. Due to lack of support these three Congregations had had to close down long before 1897. The Cape Presbytery was not formed until 1893.THE PASSIONARY PRESBYTERIES. The Glasgow Missionary Society sent Missionaries to the Eastern Frontier of the Cape Colony in 1824 and they formed themselves immediately into the Presbytery of Kaffraria. In 1857 this Presbytery split into two sections over the Voluntary Question and in 1843 the one section became the Free Church Presbytery of Kaffraria and in 1847 the other section became the United Presbyterian Presbytery of Kaffraria. In 1889 both of these Missionary Presbyteries split into two forming United Presbyterian Presbytery of Adelaide and Free Church Presbytery of Transkei.Four English speaking European Congregations v#ere established within the Free Church Presbytery of Kaffraria, while another four congregations were established within the United Presbyterian Presbytery of Kaffraria. In addition, five Independent Presbyterian Congregations were established within the area of the Missionary Presbyteries,In addition to these European Congregations more than 20 Native Mission stations, together with numerous outstations, were established within these 4 Presbyteries between 1824 and 1897.THE PRESBYTERY OF NATAL. The English speaking Presbyterian Church of Natal began in 1850 when Rev. I, Campbell accepted a call from a group of Scotsmen in Pieternaritzburg, whom he constituted into a congregation. The Presbytery of Natal was constituted for the first time in 1853 in order to ordain Rev. C. Scott called to the recently formed congregation in Pinetown. Within the bounds of this Presbytery 12 congregations were formed by 1897.PRESBYTERIES IN THE TREKKER REPUBLICS (O.P.S. AND TRANSVAAL). When gold was discovered in Barberton in 1885 the Natal Presbytery sent Rev. James Gray to investigate the possibility of starting a congregation among the miners. On his recommendation, a congregation was established in Johannesburg in 1887. Two more congregations were established along the Gold Reef and one which started at Klerksdorp had to close down, in 1892. By 1893 Natal Presbytery realised they could not cope with the development in the Transvaal and they erected the Transvaal Presbytery. By the time the Presbyterian Church of South Africa was formed in 1897» 10 congregations had been started in the Transvaal and 2 in Rhodesia,In addition to the Transvaal and Natal Congregations the Natal Presbytery was responsible for the establishing of 2 congregations within the Orange Free State. These Churches, together with the independent Presbyterian Congregations of Kimberley and Beaconsfield, were erected into the Orange River Presbytery in 1898.THE STEPS TOWARDS UNIOMN: Two attempts were made to unite the Dutch Reformed Church and the English Speaking Presbyterians prior to 1860, but with no result. From 1881 to 1886 attempts were made to unite Free Church and United Presbyterian Presbyteries of Kaffrarla but these efforts also ended in failure. Prom 1892 to 1897 Federal Council Meetings, including representatives from all the Presbyteries in South Africa, were held. These meetings resulted in a vote in favour of Union at the 6th Federal Council in 1897. The Free Church Synod of Kaffraria refused to become part of the new church thus formed,In the same year (1898) 4 other congregations were established within the Orange River Presbytery, but their origins date back to 1897

Potato sprout suppressants with particular reference to tecnazene

Abstract available p. ii-i

On the significance of lack of courage in the genesis of psychosis and neurosis; and, the therapeutic inferences

#1. Lack of courage as a common cause of psychosis and neurosisj is discussed, and the therapeutic inferences are considered. #2, Six illustrative cases are described. #3. In a general discussion, the importance of careful personality-training in childhood is stressed; and the lack of organised after-care services, providing remunerative employment for the individual on discharge from hospital, is deplored

Consumer Preferences for Attributes in Food and Beverages in Developed and Emerging Export Markets and their Impact on the European Union and New Zealand

This study examined consumer attitudes towards attributes in food and beverages in China, India, Indonesia, Japan and the UK. The attributes included basic attributes such as price and quality, but also extended to food safety and health benefits, as well as environmental and social attributes. The importance of factors affecting key attributes were examined in more detail. The study used a web-based survey with 1,000 middle and upper income consumers in each country. In addition, the potential economic impact of agricultural returns of different levels of premiums for food attributes in the EU and New Zealand were examined using the partial equilibrium Lincoln Trade and Environment Model (LTEM). This study found that consumers from developing countries valued food attributes more than the developed countries. Trade model projections showed an important impact on the agricultural sectors in the EU and New Zealand from the different levels of premiums for food attributes in selected overseas markets

The Land and the brand

The Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit at Lincoln University was commissioned to prepare this report assessing the contributions that the agri‐food sector has made to the wellbeing of New Zealanders over the decades and in the present day. The purpose of this research is to indicate how industry‐led initiatives and private‐public partnerships might build on the sector’s historical successes for ongoing economic prosperity into the future. The agri‐food sector continues to dominate the country’s merchandise exports. The dairy sector in 2013/14 generated export revenue of just over $18 billion, followed by meat and wool (more than$8 billion), forestry (more than $5.1 billion), horticulture (nearly$3.8 billion) and seafood (more than $1.7 billion)

Early high flow nasal cannula therapy in bronchiolitis, a prospective randomised control trial (protocol): A Paediatric Acute Respiratory Intervention Study (PARIS)

Background Bronchiolitis imposes the largest health care burden on non-elective paediatric hospital admissions worldwide, with up to 15 % of cases requiring admission to intensive care. A number of previous studies have failed to show benefit of pharmaceutical treatment in respect to length of stay, reduction in PICU admission rates or intubation frequency. The early use of non-invasive respiratory support devices in less intensive scenarios to facilitate earlier respiratory support may have an impact on outcome by avoiding progression of the disease process. High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) therapy has emerged as a new method to provide humidified air flow to deliver a non-invasive form of positive pressure support with titratable oxygen fraction. There is a lack of high-grade evidence on use of HFNC therapy in bronchiolitis. Methods/Design Prospective multi-centre randomised trial comparing standard treatment (standard subnasal oxygen) and High Flow Nasal Cannula therapy in infants with bronchiolitis admitted to 17 hospitals emergency departments and wards in Australia and New Zealand, including 12 non-tertiary regional/metropolitan and 5 tertiary centres. The primary outcome is treatment failure; defined as meeting three out of four pre-specified failure criteria requiring escalation of treatment or higher level of care; i) heart rate remains unchanged or increased compared to admission/enrolment observations, ii) respiratory rate remains unchanged or increased compared to admission/enrolment observations, iii) oxygen requirement in HFNC therapy arm exceeds FiO2 ≥ 40 % to maintain SpO2 ≥ 92 % (or ≥94 %) or oxygen requirement in standard subnasal oxygen therapy arm exceeds >2L/min to maintain SpO2 ≥ 92 % (or ≥94 %), and iv) hospital internal Early Warning Tool calls for medical review and escalation of care. Secondary outcomes include transfer to tertiary institution, admission to intensive care, length of stay, length of oxygen treatment, need for non-invasive/invasive ventilation, intubation, adverse events, and cost. Discussion This large multicenter randomised trial will allow the definitive assessment of the efficacy of HFNC therapy as compared to standard subnasal oxygen in the treatment of bronchiolitis

A Role for BK Channels in Heart Rate Regulation in Rodents

The heart generates and propagates action potentials through synchronized activation of ion channels allowing inward Na+ and Ca2+ and outward K+ currents. There are a number of K+ channel types expressed in the heart that play key roles in regulating the cardiac cycle. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) ion channels are not thought to be directly involved in heart function. Here we present evidence that heart rate can be significantly reduced by inhibiting the activity of BK channels. Agents that specifically inhibit BK channel activity, including paxilline and lolitrem B, slowed heart rate in conscious wild-type mice by 30% and 42%, respectively. Heart rate of BK channel knock-out mice (Kcnma1−/−) was not affected by these BK channel inhibitors, suggesting that the changes to heart rate were specifically mediated through BK channels. The possibility that these effects were mediated through BK channels peripheral to the heart was ruled out with experiments using isolated, perfused rat hearts, which showed a significant reduction in heart rate when treated with the BK channel inhibitors paxilline (1 µM), lolitrem B (1 µM), and iberiotoxin (0.23 µM), of 34%, 60%, and 42%, respectively. Furthermore, paxilline was shown to decrease heart rate in a dose-dependent manner. These results implicate BK channels located in the heart to be directly involved in the regulation of heart rate